# KLOW Peptide References — Full Citation List

> Full reference list for KLOW peptide research: citations for KPV, GHK-Cu, BPC-157, and TB-500 single-component studies used across this evidence appraisal.

## Sources

All citations used across this [KLOW references](/references) site are listed below with DOI or PubMed URL. Citations are numbered sequentially as used across the evidence appraisal. These are the [KLOW references](/references) that ground every quantitative claim made on this site.

## References

[1] Dalmasso G, Charrier-Hisamuddin L, Nguyen HT, Yan Y, Sitaraman S, Merlin D. PepT1-mediated tripeptide KPV uptake reduces intestinal inflammation. Gastroenterology. 2008;134(1):166-178. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18061177/
[2] Pickart L, Margolina A. Regenerative and Protective Actions of the GHK-Cu Peptide in the Light of the New Gene Data. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2018;19(7):1987. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6073405/
[3] Pickart L, Vasquez-Soltero JM, Margolina A. GHK Peptide as a Natural Modulator of Multiple Cellular Pathways in Skin Regeneration. BioMed Research International. 2015;2015:648108. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4508379/
[4] Staresinic M, et al. Gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 accelerates healing of transected rat Achilles tendon and in vitro stimulates tendocytes growth. J Orthop Res. 2003;21:976-983. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14554208/
[5] Lee E, Burgess K. Safety of Intravenous Infusion of BPC157 in Humans: A Pilot Study. Altern Ther Health Med. 2025;31(5):20-24. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40131143/
[6] Malinda KM, et al. Thymosin beta4 accelerates wound healing. J Invest Dermatol. 1999;113(3):364-368. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10469335/
[7] Mendias CL, Awan TM. Safety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies for Musculoskeletal Injuries and Athletic Performance. Sports Med. 2026. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41966639/
[8] Cooper TM, et al. Doping control analysis of TB-500, a synthetic version of an active region of thymosin β4, in equine urine and plasma by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A. 2012. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23084823/
[9] Ilic S, et al. Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 and its effects on a NSAID toxicity model: diclofenac-induced gastrointestinal, liver, and encephalopathy lesions. Life Sci. 2011;88:535-542. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21295044/
[10] Sikiric P, et al. Toxicity by NSAIDs. Counteraction by stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157. Curr Pharm Des. 2013;19:76-83. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22950504/
[11] Sosne G, Dunn SP, Kim C. Thymosin beta 4 ophthalmic solution for dry eye: a randomized, placebo-controlled, Phase II clinical trial conducted using the controlled adverse environment (CAE) model. Clin Ophthalmol. 2015. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26056426/
[12] RegeneRx / ReGenTree (sponsor). Assessment of the Safety and Efficacy of RGN-259 Ophthalmic Solutions for Dry Eye (ARISE-3). ClinicalTrials.gov. 2020. https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03937882
[13] Sikiric P, et al. Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 as a Therapy and Safety Key: A Special Beneficial Effect Following Intoxications. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40573323/
[14] Sosne G, et al. Activation of pro-resolving pathways mediate the therapeutic effects of thymosin beta-4. Front Immunol. 2024. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39380984/
[15] Zhang Y, et al. Tβ4-exosome-loaded hemostatic and antibacterial hydrogel to improve vascularized wound repair. Mater Today Bio. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtbio.2025.101585

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An independent evidence appraisal of four separate research peptide literatures — each finding kept to its own component, the blend's trial column left as the honest blank it is.